Beside to diet, serum potassium levels can be lowered by diuretic treatment

Beside to diet, serum potassium levels can be lowered by diuretic treatment. (Cronbach’s alpha). The majority perceived mild to moderate thirst distress, and 18% perceived it as high or severe. The mean score obtained was 16.2??9.3 (median 13, Q1CQ3 8C20). Higher serum urea {beta coefficient 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.267 to 2.92], (%), mean??standard deviation, or median (Q1CQ3). a Within previous 30?days. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Thirst Distress Scale for patients with Heart Failure Face validity of the TDS\HF was acceptable, as assessed by a convenient number of patients with regard to the question’s relevance, clarity, and easy to use. The sampling adequacy was good, as evaluated with KaiserCMeyerCOlkin (0.92) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity ((%)coefficientcoefficient /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”center” colspan=”2″ valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ 95% CI /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”left” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em P /em \value /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th /thead Age0.0160.022?0.0680.1010.71\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Gender3.290.1560.9235.660.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Current smoking?0.637?0.026?0.3972.1230.65BMI a 0.0010.001?0.1950.1970.99\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\NYHA class4.310.2162.16.52 0.001\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Diabetes mellitus?0.209?0.011?2.3581.9400.85Hypertension1.320.067?0.9013.5410.24Renal failure a , b 2.3670.091?0.5695.3040.11Anaemia a , c 1.1190.038?2.2454.4820.51Depression4.870.1551.358.390.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Stroke?4.44?0.09?101.150.12Urea a , d 1.770.1930.4493.10.0091.60.170.2672.920.019Potassium a ?2.99?0.156?5.76?0.210.04?3.63?0.188?6.32?0.930.009Creatinine a , d 0.570.061?0.781.910.41Dose of diuretics a 3,040.2721.84.28 0.0012.980.2591.374.59 0.001ACEI?0.31?0.02?2.421.800.77ARB?2.93?0.117?5.75?0.0960.04?3.62?0.156?6.89?0.3450.03Antidepressants3.530.150.8816.190.009\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\ Open in a separate window ACEI, angiotensin\converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NYHA, New York Heart Association. In the multivariable analyses, striped cells represent those variables included in the back\stepwise model but that did not remain into it (non\significant variables) while blank cells correspond to those variables not included in the analysis. Dose of diuretics: 0?=?no diuretics; 1?=?1C40?mg/day; 2?=?41C80?mg/day; 3?=? 80?mg/day. a Less than 302 ( em Table /em em 1 /em ). em N /em ?=?173 in the multivariable analysis. b Estimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation)? ?60?mL/min/1.73?m2. c According to the World Health Organization criteria ( 13?g/dL in men and 12?g/dL in women). d Log\transformed and per 1 SD. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Boxplots of thirst distress score among different doses of diuretics. The central box represents the values from the lower to the upper quartile; the middle lines represent the median; the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, excluding far out values that are not displayed; and the blue dash represents mean values ( em N /em ?=?205). Discussion Two main results can be derived from the present study, in which the newly developed TDS\HF in Spanish was used to measure thirst distress in a Spanish cohort of HF outpatients. First, although the majority of Spanish HF outpatients suffer mild to moderate thirst distress, almost one in five suffered moderateCsevere thirst\related distress, which is not a negligible number of patients. And second, several drugs commonly used in HF patients might facilitate lower levels of thirst distress, such as ARB, in contrast to angiotensin\converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A third interesting and novel finding was the association found between thirst distress and low blood levels of potassium. The Spanish\language version of the TDS\HF captured the content of the original scale with relevant adaption to the cultural context. Thirst distress as measured with the TDS\HF was moderately associated with thirst intensity ( em r /em ?=?0.59), which was also seen for the.As this study suggests, patients experiencing thirst might benefit from changing medication from ACE inhibitors to ARB. 0.85 and 0.60 to 0.84, respectively), and internal consistency was 0.95 (Cronbach’s alpha). The majority perceived mild to moderate thirst distress, and 18% perceived it as high or severe. The mean score obtained was 16.2??9.3 (median 13, Q1CQ3 8C20). Higher serum urea {beta coefficient 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.267 to 2.92], (%), mean??standard deviation, or median (Q1CQ3). a Within previous 30?days. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Thirst Distress Scale for patients with Heart Failure Face validity of the TDS\HF was acceptable, as assessed by a convenient number of patients with regard to the question’s relevance, clarity, and easy to use. The sampling adequacy was good, as evaluated with KaiserCMeyerCOlkin (0.92) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity ((%)coefficientcoefficient /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”center” colspan=”2″ valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ 95% CI /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”left” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em P /em \value /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th /thead Age0.0160.022?0.0680.1010.71\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Gender3.290.1560.9235.660.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Current smoking?0.637?0.026?0.3972.1230.65BMI a 0.0010.001?0.1950.1970.99\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\NYHA class4.310.2162.16.52 0.001\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Diabetes mellitus?0.209?0.011?2.3581.9400.85Hypertension1.320.067?0.9013.5410.24Renal failure a , b 2.3670.091?0.5695.3040.11Anaemia a , c 1.1190.038?2.2454.4820.51Depression4.870.1551.358.390.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Stroke?4.44?0.09?101.150.12Urea a , d 1.770.1930.4493.10.0091.60.170.2672.920.019Potassium a ?2.99?0.156?5.76?0.210.04?3.63?0.188?6.32?0.930.009Creatinine a , d 0.570.061?0.781.910.41Dose of diuretics a 3,040.2721.84.28 0.0012.980.2591.374.59 0.001ACEI?0.31?0.02?2.421.800.77ARB?2.93?0.117?5.75?0.0960.04?3.62?0.156?6.89?0.3450.03Antidepressants3.530.150.8816.190.009\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\ Open in a separate window ACEI, angiotensin\converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NYHA, New York Heart Association. In the multivariable analyses, striped cells represent those variables included in the back\stepwise model but that did not remain into it (non\significant variables) while blank cells correspond to those variables not included in the analysis. Dose of diuretics: 0?=?no diuretics; 1?=?1C40?mg/day; 2?=?41C80?mg/day; 3?=? 80?mg/day. a Less than 302 MRS 1754 ( em Table /em em 1 /em ). em N /em ?=?173 in the multivariable analysis. b Estimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation)? ?60?mL/min/1.73?m2. c According to the World Health Organization criteria ( 13?g/dL in men and 12?g/dL in women). d Log\transformed and per 1 SD. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Boxplots of thirst distress score among different doses of diuretics. The central box represents the values from the lower to the upper quartile; the middle lines represent the median; the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, excluding far out values that are not displayed; and the blue dash represents mean values ( em N /em ?=?205). Discussion Two main results can be derived from the present study, in which the newly developed TDS\HF in Spanish was used to measure thirst distress in a Spanish cohort of HF outpatients. First, although the majority of Spanish HF outpatients suffer mild to moderate thirst distress, almost one in five suffered moderateCsevere thirst\related distress, which is not a negligible number of patients. And second, several drugs commonly used in HF patients might facilitate lower levels of thirst distress, such as ARB, in contrast to angiotensin\converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A third interesting and novel finding was the association found between thirst distress and low blood levels of potassium. The Spanish\language version of the TDS\HF captured the content of the original scale with relevant adaption to the cultural context. Thirst distress as measured with the TDS\HF was moderately associated with thirst intensity ( em r /em ?=?0.59), which.It has been suggested that thirst might differ between countries not only due to differences in demographics and treatments but also due to climate, culture, and dietary habits. 17 Our study does not intend to investigate differences between countries, but maybe future research could broaden the perspective of factors that influence thirst in HF patients. 0.85 and 0.60 to 0.84, respectively), and internal consistency was 0.95 (Cronbach’s alpha). The majority perceived mild to moderate thirst distress, and 18% perceived it as high or severe. The mean score obtained was 16.2??9.3 (median 13, Q1CQ3 8C20). Higher serum urea {beta coefficient 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.267 to 2.92], (%), mean??standard deviation, or median (Q1CQ3). a Within previous 30?days. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Thirst Distress Scale for patients with Heart Failure Face validity of the TDS\HF was acceptable, as assessed by a convenient number of patients with regard to the question’s relevance, clarity, and easy to use. The sampling adequacy was good, as evaluated with KaiserCMeyerCOlkin (0.92) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity ((%)coefficientcoefficient /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”center” colspan=”2″ valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ 95% CI /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”left” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em P /em \value /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th /thead Age0.0160.022?0.0680.1010.71\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Gender3.290.1560.9235.660.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Current smoking?0.637?0.026?0.3972.1230.65BMI a 0.0010.001?0.1950.1970.99\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\NYHA class4.310.2162.16.52 0.001\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Diabetes mellitus?0.209?0.011?2.3581.9400.85Hypertension1.320.067?0.9013.5410.24Renal failure a , b 2.3670.091?0.5695.3040.11Anaemia a , c 1.1190.038?2.2454.4820.51Depression4.870.1551.358.390.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Stroke?4.44?0.09?101.150.12Urea a , d 1.770.1930.4493.10.0091.60.170.2672.920.019Potassium a ?2.99?0.156?5.76?0.210.04?3.63?0.188?6.32?0.930.009Creatinine a , d 0.570.061?0.781.910.41Dose of diuretics a 3,040.2721.84.28 0.0012.980.2591.374.59 0.001ACEI?0.31?0.02?2.421.800.77ARB?2.93?0.117?5.75?0.0960.04?3.62?0.156?6.89?0.3450.03Antidepressants3.530.150.8816.190.009\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\ Open in a separate window ACEI, angiotensin\converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NYHA, New York Heart Association. In the multivariable analyses, striped cells represent those variables included in the back\stepwise model but that did not remain into it (non\significant variables) while blank cells correspond to those variables not included in the analysis. Dose of diuretics: 0?=?no diuretics; 1?=?1C40?mg/day; 2?=?41C80?mg/day; 3?=? 80?mg/day. a Less than 302 ( em Table /em em 1 /em ). em N /em ?=?173 in the multivariable analysis. b Estimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation)? ?60?mL/min/1.73?m2. c According to the World Health Organization criteria ( 13?g/dL in men and 12?g/dL in women). d Log\transformed and per 1 SD. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Boxplots of thirst distress score among different doses of diuretics. The central box represents the values from the lower to the upper quartile; the middle lines represent the median; the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, excluding far out values that are not displayed; and the blue dash represents mean values ( em N /em ?=?205). Discussion Two main results can be derived from the present study, in which the newly developed TDS\HF in Spanish was used to measure thirst distress in a Spanish cohort of HF outpatients. First, although the majority of Spanish HF outpatients suffer mild to moderate thirst distress, almost one in five suffered moderateCsevere thirst\related distress, which is not a negligible number of patients. And second, several drugs commonly used in HF patients might facilitate lower levels of thirst distress, such as ARB, in contrast to angiotensin\converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A third interesting and novel finding was the association found between thirst distress and low blood levels of potassium. The Spanish\language version of the TDS\HF captured the content of the original scale with relevant adaption to the cultural context. Thirst distress as measured with the TDS\HF was moderately associated with thirst intensity ( em r /em ?=?0.59), which was also seen for the original scale ( em r /em ?=?0.56). 17 These results confirm that the intensity and distress of thirst are different dimensions of the same symptom and should therefore be assessed with different measurements. The mean obtained score in this study was quite similar to the mean thirst distress score in the study by Waldrus em et al /em . with data from Sweden, the Netherlands, and Japan (16.4??7.8). 17 Differences in total thirst distress score were quite small between that countries; the biggest difference was observed between Sweden and Japan (17.3??7.6 vs. 15.4??8.0). It has been suggested that thirst might differ between countries.A third interesting and novel finding was the association found between thirst distress and low blood levels of potassium. The Spanish\language version of the TDS\HF captured the content of the original scale with relevant adaption to the cultural context. and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify variables independently associated with thirst distress. Three\hundred two HF outpatients were included (age 67??12?years, 74% male, HF duration 82??75?months, left ventricular ejection fraction 42??14%). Most patients were on treatment with fluid restriction (99%), sodium restriction (99%), and diuretics (70%). The psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the TDS\HF showed satisfactory item\total and inter\item correlations (range from 0.77 to 0.85 and 0.60 to 0.84, respectively), and internal consistency was 0.95 (Cronbach’s alpha). The majority perceived mild to moderate thirst distress, and 18% perceived it as high or severe. The mean score obtained was 16.2??9.3 (median 13, Q1CQ3 8C20). Higher serum urea {beta coefficient 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.267 to 2.92], (%), mean??standard deviation, or median (Q1CQ3). a Within previous 30?days. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Thirst Distress Scale for patients with Heart Failure MRS 1754 Face validity of the TDS\HF was acceptable, as assessed by a convenient number of patients with regard to the question’s relevance, clarity, and easy to use. The sampling adequacy was good, as evaluated with KaiserCMeyerCOlkin (0.92) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity ((%)coefficientcoefficient /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”center” colspan=”2″ valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ 95% CI /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”left” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em P /em \value /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th /thead Age0.0160.022?0.0680.1010.71\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Gender3.290.1560.9235.660.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Current smoking?0.637?0.026?0.3972.1230.65BMI a 0.0010.001?0.1950.1970.99\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\NYHA class4.310.2162.16.52 0.001\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Diabetes mellitus?0.209?0.011?2.3581.9400.85Hypertension1.320.067?0.9013.5410.24Renal failure a , b 2.3670.091?0.5695.3040.11Anaemia a , c 1.1190.038?2.2454.4820.51Depression4.870.1551.358.390.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Stroke?4.44?0.09?101.150.12Urea a , d 1.770.1930.4493.10.0091.60.170.2672.920.019Potassium a ?2.99?0.156?5.76?0.210.04?3.63?0.188?6.32?0.930.009Creatinine a , d 0.570.061?0.781.910.41Dose of diuretics a 3,040.2721.84.28 0.0012.980.2591.374.59 0.001ACEI?0.31?0.02?2.421.800.77ARB?2.93?0.117?5.75?0.0960.04?3.62?0.156?6.89?0.3450.03Antidepressants3.530.150.8816.190.009\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\ Open in a separate window ACEI, angiotensin\converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NYHA, New York Heart Association. In the multivariable analyses, striped cells represent those variables included in the back\stepwise model but that did not remain into it (non\significant variables) while blank cells correspond to those variables not included in the analysis. Dose of MRS 1754 diuretics: 0?=?no diuretics; 1?=?1C40?mg/day; 2?=?41C80?mg/day; 3?=? 80?mg/day. a Less than 302 ( em Table /em em 1 /em ). em N /em ?=?173 in the multivariable analysis. b Estimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation)? ?60?mL/min/1.73?m2. c According to the World Health Organization criteria ( 13?g/dL in men and 12?g/dL in women). d Log\transformed and per 1 SD. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Boxplots of thirst distress score among different doses of diuretics. The central box represents the values from the lower to the upper quartile; the middle lines represent the median; the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, excluding far out values that are not displayed; and the blue dash represents mean values ( em N /em ?=?205). Discussion Two main results can be derived from the present study, in which the newly developed TDS\HF in Spanish was used to measure thirst distress in a Spanish cohort of HF outpatients. First, although the majority of Spanish HF outpatients suffer mild to moderate thirst distress, almost one in five suffered moderateCsevere thirst\related distress, which is not a negligible number of patients. And second, several drugs commonly used in HF patients might facilitate lower levels of thirst distress, such as ARB, in contrast to angiotensin\converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A third interesting and novel finding was the association found between thirst distress and low blood levels of potassium. The Spanish\language version of the TDS\HF captured the content of the original scale with relevant adaption to the cultural context. Thirst distress as measured with the TDS\HF was moderately associated with thirst intensity ( em r /em ?=?0.59), which was also seen for the original scale ( em r /em ?=?0.56). 17 These results confirm that the intensity and distress of thirst are different dimensions of the same symptom and should therefore be assessed with different measurements. The mean obtained score in this study was quite similar to the mean thirst distress score in the study by Waldrus em et al /em . with data from Sweden, the Netherlands, and Japan (16.4??7.8). 17 Differences in total thirst distress score were quite small between that countries; the biggest difference was observed between Sweden and Japan (17.3??7.6 vs. 15.4??8.0). It has been suggested that thirst might differ between countries not only due to differences in demographics and treatments.By addressing thirst as a symptom, patients can receive the care needed that might contribute to improved quality of life. Conflict of interest None declared. Funding None. Supporting information Data S1. 74% male, HF duration 82??75?months, left ventricular ejection fraction 42??14%). Most patients were on treatment with fluid restriction (99%), sodium restriction (99%), and diuretics (70%). The psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the TDS\HF showed satisfactory item\total and inter\item correlations (range from 0.77 to 0.85 and 0.60 to 0.84, respectively), and internal consistency was 0.95 (Cronbach’s alpha). The majority perceived mild to moderate thirst distress, and 18% perceived it as high or severe. The mean score obtained was 16.2??9.3 (median 13, Q1CQ3 8C20). Higher serum urea {beta coefficient 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.267 to 2.92], (%), mean??standard deviation, or median (Q1CQ3). a Within previous 30?days. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Thirst Distress Scale for patients with Heart Failure Face validity of the TDS\HF was acceptable, as assessed by a convenient number of patients with regard to the question’s relevance, clarity, and easy to use. The sampling adequacy was good, as evaluated with KaiserCMeyerCOlkin (0.92) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity ((%)coefficientcoefficient /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”center” colspan=”2″ valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ 95% CI /th th style=”border-bottom:solid 1px #000000″ align=”left” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em P /em \value /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Not standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Standardized /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Lower /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Upper /th th align=”center” valign=”bottom” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th /thead Age0.0160.022?0.0680.1010.71\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Gender3.290.1560.9235.660.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Current smoking?0.637?0.026?0.3972.1230.65BMI a 0.0010.001?0.1950.1970.99\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\NYHA class4.310.2162.16.52 0.001\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Diabetes mellitus?0.209?0.011?2.3581.9400.85Hypertension1.320.067?0.9013.5410.24Renal failure a , b 2.3670.091?0.5695.3040.11Anaemia a , c 1.1190.038?2.2454.4820.51Depression4.870.1551.358.390.007\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\Stroke?4.44?0.09?101.150.12Urea a , d 1.770.1930.4493.10.0091.60.170.2672.920.019Potassium a ?2.99?0.156?5.76?0.210.04?3.63?0.188?6.32?0.930.009Creatinine a , d 0.570.061?0.781.910.41Dose of diuretics a 3,040.2721.84.28 0.0012.980.2591.374.59 0.001ACEI?0.31?0.02?2.421.800.77ARB?2.93?0.117?5.75?0.0960.04?3.62?0.156?6.89?0.3450.03Antidepressants3.530.150.8816.190.009\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\ Open in a separate window ACEI, angiotensin\converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NYHA, New York Heart Association. In the multivariable analyses, striped cells represent those variables included in the back\stepwise model but that did not remain into it (non\significant variables) while blank cells correspond to those variables not included in the analysis. Dose of diuretics: 0?=?no diuretics; 1?=?1C40?mg/day; 2?=?41C80?mg/day; 3?=? 80?mg/day. a Less than 302 ( em Table /em em 1 /em ). em N /em ?=?173 in the multivariable analysis. b Estimated glomerular filtration rate (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation)? ?60?mL/min/1.73?m2. c According to the World Health Organization criteria ( 13?g/dL in men and 12?g/dL in women). d Log\transformed and per 1 SD. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Boxplots of thirst distress score among different doses of diuretics. The central box represents the values from the lower to the upper quartile; the middle lines represent the median; the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, excluding far out values that are not displayed; and the blue dash represents mean values ( em N /em ?=?205). Discussion Two main results can be derived from the present study, in which the newly developed TDS\HF in Spanish was used to measure thirst distress in MRS 1754 a Spanish cohort of HF outpatients. First, although the majority of Spanish HF outpatients suffer mild to moderate thirst distress, almost one in five suffered moderateCsevere thirst\related distress, which is not a negligible number of patients. And second, several drugs commonly used in HF patients might facilitate lower levels of thirst distress, such as ARB, in contrast to angiotensin\converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A third interesting and novel finding was the association found between thirst distress and low blood levels of potassium. The Spanish\language version of the TDS\HF captured the content of the original scale with relevant adaption to the cultural context. Thirst distress as measured with the TDS\HF was moderately associated with thirst intensity ( em r /em ?=?0.59), which was also seen for the original scale ( em r /em ?=?0.56). 17 These results confirm that the intensity and distress of thirst are different dimensions of the same symptom and should therefore be assessed with different measurements. The mean obtained score in this study was quite similar to the mean thirst distress score in the study by Waldrus em et al /em . Rabbit Polyclonal to Collagen III with data from Sweden, the Netherlands, and Japan (16.4??7.8). 17 Differences in total thirst distress score were quite small between that countries; the biggest difference was observed between Sweden and.